The tithe system earmarked one-tenth of the produce of the land for the maintenance of the clergy of the established Church of Ireland. Until 1823 tithes could be paid in money or in kind (the Tithe Composition Act of that year stipulated that henceforth all tithes were to be paid in money). It was unpopular in Ulster because the Church of Ireland was a minority religion and both Presbyterians and Catholics resented paying the tithe to an alien church.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries an increasing number of tithe transactions were arranged by ‘modus decimandi.’ This substituted monetary payments for tithe in kind and 'established modes of valuing tithe, in some places by the acre, in others by the quantity of produce'. (A Layman of the Church of England, Address to the Protestant clergy of Ireland, Dublin 1787). In 1751 in the parishes of Ardstraw, Urney and Camus fixed sums for tithe payments included 9d for a milch cow, 1d for a sheep 1d, 1d for a garden and 6d for a turf stack.
In accepting this system, the clergyman had to satisfy himself with less than the tenth to which he was legally entitled, as a due allowance had to be made for the harvest and collection of the tithe crops, a service which was not legally the onus of the parishioner. For many tithe owners, resulting disagreements and difficulties with parishioners forced the sale of their tithe to a middle-man known as a tithe farmer or a tithe-proctor. The proctor would generally be a substantial farmer familiar with the tithe system and had an intimate knowledge of the local people and parish.
It was the tithe proctor who initially evaluated and ultimately collected tithe for the beneficial clergyman or tithe-owner. The clergyman received a fixed sum and the excess was retained by the proctor who was therefore motivated to exact every last penny. Inevitably the proctor was unpopular in local areas and particularly when he arrived to conduct the contentious annual valuation. The tithe proctor was the most visible agent of the tithe system. The proctor appeared in early summer to view the crops and estimate the likely yield. Just before the harvest he returned to bargain with the grower. Disputes between tithe proctors and tithe-payers were referred to the owner of the tithe for adjudication. The Tithe composition act (1823) legislated for the extinction of the tithe-proctor.
The imposition of the tithe is considered by historians to be an important catalyst for both agrarian unrest and emigration at various times in the eighteenth century. In 1718 Edmund Kaine, agent on the Barrett Lennard estate, noted that ‘one hundred families had passed through his town in the past week heading for New England’, adding that those departing ‘complain most the hardship of the tithes makes them all go, which is true, for the clergy is unreasonable’ (MIC170/2). In addition to the annual tithe burden farmers had to pay rent county-cess (rates) and hearth money adding further to the financial stress.
Tithe lists are rare before the nineteenth century. One useful source uncovered in PRONI (T542) contains a list of tithe payers in three parishes in Co Tyrone in 1699. The origin of the source is the archive of Archbishop King (now in Trinity College, Dublin) referenced in the Genealogical Office GO MS536. The source is described as ‘Morgan’s account of the parishes of Drumragh, Cappagh and Badoney, Co Tyrone’. It was written at Omagh by the Reverend Robert Morgan on the 22nd June 1699 and addressed to the Rt. Rev William (King), Bishop of Derry.
The tithes lists are limited to three parishes that Morgan knew well having been curate in Cappagh 1686, Drumragh 1691-1693 and Badoney 1694-1699. In his correspondence to his bishop Morgan writes that ‘poverty is so weighty a burden’. The attached names of the ‘masters of families’ may have been an attempt by Morgan to regulate the system of tithe payments in order to increase income and to hold accountable local farmers for the payment that was legally due to the church. Morgan indicates that in June 1699 he was ready to set the tithes ‘unless you otherwise command.’
The correspondence consists of five pages (the first page being a cover sheet).
PAGE 2
Omagh June 22nd 1699
My Lord,
In obedience to your command I have sent here enclosed the names of the masters of ffamilies of those parochies wherein I am concerned, generally they are poor, as their particulare returnes will make evident, which how soon they come to my hands your Lo(rdship) may have or a true copy upon desires for relying upon your Lo(rd’s) favour and words, for the continuance of the Sequestration to me as formerly, I have ordered all of them to be viewed and intend to set them tithes, unless you otherwise command, and if so, I shall be in duty obleiged obey.
When last in Derry your Lorship ordered me to cause Dean Walleis to examine the Sequestration I have, after some scruples in reference to Dean Morris power to grant it, wherein he was satisfied of by Mr Henderson and others, he declared it to be legall, but that it would be better to have a new one, which I could not take out, for want or money to pay the fees of the Court and yet continue in the same state, therefore, if your Ldship pleases to confirme it to me by a line for the satisfaction of the people, it will be a singular favour being the only mean I know to relive my present necessity. I designed to have attended you att Derry, as to this affaire and to receive your further instructions but cannot without great strits, poverty is so weighty a burthen: but hoping for your L’ship’s present releiffe and future support, intreating the helpe of your prayers, I am and shall continue My Lord
Your most obedient and humble servant
Robert Morgan
PAGE 3
The names of the masters of families in Baddowny parish, 1699 (T542/1)
(P indicates those listed as Presbyterian)
Lough Lachlan
Adam Keddy
Patrick McNicoll
Robert Campbell
Patrick McNichol yo(unger)
William Fuller
John Cambell
Donald Campbell
Arthur Campbell
Donald Wright
Walter Clerk
Archibald Campbell
Duncan McNicholl
Duncan McKelby
ffinlay McKelby
Donald McKelby
Robert McNicoll
John McNicoll
Malcom Mcffarland
Donald Mcffarland
Andrew Hamilton
John Moore
James Hair
William Anderson (P)
Hance Hamilton (P)
Andrew Kerr (P)
Nathaniell Kerr (P)
James Huiston (P)
Daniell Taillore
George Laughlan
Capt Claude Hamilton
Hugh O'Crigan papist
Issobell Moore his wife protestant
There are ten or twelve papists latly come in who's names I know not
The number of communicants at Whitsentide last
Capt Claud Hamilton
Issabell Hamilton his wiffe
Issobel Moor
John Campbell
Duncan McKelby
Patrick McNicoll
Jean McNicoll
John David
PAGE 4
Masters of families in Caspy (sic) parish are (1699)
Andrew McCausland
Samuel Anderson
John Keers
John Stewart
William McCausland
Alexander Drummond
Presbyterians
Patrick Buchanan
William Donachy
John Borelands
Henry Conningham
Wm Fullerton
Widow Man
James Gillespy
Hugh Rinkin
Wm Moor
Wm Giban
John Mcffarland
Wm Nicoll
Alexr Graha(m)
James Hamilton
John Mcffarland
John Pirien
Andrew Peterson
James Peterson
Robert Harvy
Andrew Craig
Papist
Hugh O'Gueen
Several of these have but two kine(?) & some are acher of corne sowen, some none
PAGE 5
Masters of families in Drumra parish 1699 (T542/1)
Capt Henry Mervine
Capt Auley Mervine
Wm Moor
John McCausland
Thomas McCausland
Richard Brush
Wm Hamiltone
Wm Mais
Wm Lambert
John Moor
Odbard Griffith
Patrick ffleming
John Mcffarland
James Crawford
Thomas Wilson
Patrick Montgomery
John Stockwell
ffrancis Hoghhead
Andrew Dun
-------------------------------------------
Presbyterians
John Baird
Thomas Thomsone
David Younf
Richard Wileram
John Robertsone
Henry Stewart
Alex'r Hunter
William Buchannan
Hugh Kennedy
Wm Rogers
Patrick Rogers
Wm Anderson
Unuphra Denny
Widow Charleton
Gawine Didgeon
Thomas Bell
Wm Thomsone
Widow Young
James Coulter
Georg Baxter
Patrick Barber
Robert Stewart
David Aitcheson
John Jardine
John Jardine you(nger)
Thomas Barber
Wm McGrue
Andrew Glendinning
John White (name stroked out)
John Litle
ffrancis Litle
Andrew Meckledowny
John White
Andrew Glendinning
James Fleming
Robert McCausland
Ninean Dunwoody
Andrew Tod
John Osbrough
Adam Syminiton
John Foster
James Hamilton
John Craige
Wm Boydace
James Coffy
Robert Smith
Thomas Carter
Robert Weld
Robert Kyles
All under the line in the first column are Presbyterians
Those who communicate att Easter last were
Wm Hamiltone
Robert Douglass
Elizabeth Hamilton
Christian Brieve
Helen Stockwell
and upon WhitSunday
Capt Henry Mervine
Wm Hamilton
Elizabeth Mervine
Lucy Mervine &
Elisabeth Hamilton
Conclusion
The 1699 tithes-list is a most useful genealogical source although limited to only three parishes. Containing the names of some 130 heads of households this is effectively a list of strong farmers in these parishes at the end of the seventeenth century and opens pathways for further research into the named individuals through land records such as estate papers and the registry of deeds. It is also a useful source for tracing surnames in these parishes. The absence of Catholic families in the list perhaps reflects the aftermath of the Williamite land redistribution and the imposition of penal laws that precluded Catholics from holding long leases. The lists provide a useful means of identifying protestant heads of households in three contiguous parishes in Co. Tyrone some nineteen years before the first significant wave of Scots-Irish migration to the New England in 1718.